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CHAPTER XV

i. Abbott, Q.F., Israel in Egypt, 43.

2. Baron, S., So«a/ and Religious
Bistort of the Jews, I, 266 ;
Oratez, H., History of the Jews,
II, 566.

3. Socrates, Ecclesiastical History,
Hi; 20; Julian, Works, III, 51.

•4. Abbott, 45.

6. Ammianus Marcellinus, Works,
xxili, 1.

6. Jerome, Commentary on Isaiah,

vl, 11-13, in Baron, I. 261.

7. Baron, I, 255.

8. Baeder,Qershom jewisk Spiritual
Heroes, HI, 46.

9. Talmud, Yebamoth, 37b.

10. Friedlfinder, L„ Raman Life
aud Manners under the Early
Empire, HI, 173.

11. Oregory of Tours Blstory, of
the. Franks, 1916, viii, 1.

42. References to the Mishna will
be by tractate, chapter, and
section; to the (Babylonian)
demara by tractate and folio
sheet.

13. Baba Kama, 60b.

14. Megilla, 16b,

15. Tanhuma, ed. Buber, Yitro. sect.
7, in^Moore, O. F., Judiasm in

the First Centuries of the Chris-
tian Era, II, 242.

16. Meuachotb, 99b,

17. Pesikta Rabbit), .10, 4. in New-
man, L., and Spitz, S., Talmudlc
Anthology. 300.

IS. Chagiga, 10a,

19. Examples in Moore, I, 259.

20. Berachotfa. 6b.

21. Aboda Ztra, 8b; Newman, 31.

22. Chagiga, 3b.
33. Succah, 59b.
24. Barachoth, 6a.

85. Aboda Zara, 3b.

26. Mcchilta, 65a, on Exod. xix, 18.

27. From Deut. vi, 4.

38. Shebouth, 77b.
29. Erubin, 18a,

80. BereBhit Rabbah on Gen. xxiii,9.
3). Berachotb, 6a

32. Aboda Zara, 5a.

33. Sifre on Deut. 32.

34. Shebuoth, 55a.

35. Midtash Mithle, 28, in Newman,

86. Oenetis Rabbah, xlviii, 8.

87. Babo Metzia, 58b,

88. Berochoth, 34a.

39. Ketuboth, 11 la.

40. Wayyikra Rabboh, 34. in New-
man, 108.

-4*n -

41. Bereihlt Rabbah, 44,1, in New-
man, 892.

42. Quoted In Cohen, K.,Everyman's
Talmud, 89.

43. Aboda Zara, 30b.

44. Kiddushin. 66d.

45. Shebuoth, 41a,

46. In Cohen, A„ 258.

47. Leviticus xxi, 3-5.

48. Yebamoth, 48b,

49. Ketuboth, 27 : Cohen, A„ 257,
60. Pesachim, 113a,

51. Shebuoth, 152,
58; Pesachlm, 49b.

53. Exod. xxiii, 19 J xxiv, 26 ; Deut
xiv, 21,

54. Nidda, 17.

55. Yoma, 75.

56. Shebuoth, 33.

57. Ibid., 152a.

58. Baba Bathra, 58b.

59. Pesachlm, 109a.

60. Berachoth, 55a, 60b.

61. Taanith, 11a.

62. Pesachim, 108.

63. Exod. xii, 13.

64. Megilla on Esther, 7b, in Moore,
II, 51.

65. In Oesterley, W.O., and Box, O.
H„ Short Survey of the Ltterw
tare of Rabbinical and Medieval
Judaism, 149.

66. Kiddushin, 31a; Isaiah vi, 8,

67. Baba Bathra, 8b; Baron, 1,277-8.

68. Berachoth, 10a.

69. Oen. I, 28; Kiddushin, 29.

70. Genesis Rabbah, Ixxi, 6.

71. Yebamoth, 12b; Hlmes, N. E.,
Medical History of Contncoj
tlon, 77.

72. Baba Bathra, 72.

78. Exodus Rabbah, I, 1.

( i oi* - r £- r • )

74. Harris, M. H., ed., Hebraic
Literature : Translation form
the Talmud, MidrasMm, and
Kabbala, 336.

75. Baba Bathra, 9a,

76. Ketuboth, 50a, 67,

77. Taanth, 22.

78. Ibid., 20b.

79. Qraitz., II, 486, 545.

80. Baba Batbra, 9.

81. Qittin, 70a.

82. Chagiga, 16a.

83. Berachoth, 61a.

84. Kiddushin, 29b.

85. Sota. 44a

86. Taanith, Iv, 8.

87. Yebamoth, 63a.

88. Ibid., 65a, 44a.

89. Pesikta Rabbati, 36, 2, in New-
man, 3.

90. Berachoth, xxlv, 1.

91. Kiddushin, 4.

92. Yebamoth, xiv, 1 ; )64b.

93. Qittin, Ix, 10.

94. Ketuboth, vli, 6.

95. Cohen, A., 179,

96. Ketuboth, 77a; Nenman, A. (A.,
The Jews in Spain, Philadel-
phio, 1942, II, 59.

97. Yebamoth, xxi, in Beader.III , 66.

98. Qittin, 90b.

99. Kiddushin, 80b.

100. Nidda, 46.

101. Kiddushin, 49o.

102. Yoma. 83b.

103. Mlkvaoth, 9b, in Cohfn,A., 17

104. Hal Oaon in Newman, 640.

105. Yebamoth, 88.
Kttvbcth 47b.

107. Shebuoth, 30b.

108. Erubin, 41b.

109. Baeder, III, 16.

tnv

110. Bereshit Rahbah, xvil, 7"

Ul> Harris, M: H' Hebraic Litem-

' turt 340*
119. Pirke Aboth, iv, 1.

113. Ibid., iv, 3.

114. Ibid., i, 17.

115. Ibid., iii, 17.

116. Shemot Rabbab, xxv, 16 New-
man, 897.

117. Menachoth 29b, in Moore, 11,187.

118. Renin, E., Origins of Chris-
tianity : The Christian Chruch,
131 ; Baron, I, 305-6,

CHAPTER XVI
Qraetz, III, 308.
Abrahams, Israel Jewish Life
in the Middle Ages, SI 9.
Benjaman of Tudela, Travels, in
Kotnroff, t\.,t&., Contemporaries
of Marco Polo, 290.
Qraetz, HI, 90. Others date the
Qaonate from 589 : cf. Oester-
ley and Box, 209.
Oraez, III, 183.
Ibid., 148.

Druck, D., Yehuda Halevy, 66.
Baron' 1, 863.

Huslk, I., History of Medieval
Jewish Philosophy, 86. 42f.
Malter, H., Saadia QaoA,279,29l
Benjamin of Tudela, in Komrolf
310.

Biron. I, 318.
Friedlander, III, 181.
Dili, Sir S., Roman Society In
Oaal in the MerovenglanAgefiiB
Oroett, III, 143, 161, 241, S89.
Benj. of Tudela, in Komroff,260.
Ibid., 257.

Ameer AH, Sayed, The Spirit of

Islam, 260.

Druck, 26.

Dozy, R., Spanish Islam, 6971.

4.

5.
6.
7.
-8.
9.

10.
11.

12.
13.
14.

16.

!16.

17.

18.

19.
20.

2 1. Abbott, Q. P., 71.

22' Abrbhams, Jewish Life, 866.

98. Dozy, 72).

24. Qraetz, III, 617.

26. Neuman, K,,Jews In Spain, 1,6,

26. Ibid., 164.

27. Ibid., II, 184.

28. Ibid., Ii, 231 ; Qraetz. Ill, 281.

29. Neuman, II, 221.

30. Qraetz, III, 360f.

81. Baron II, 37/ Qraetz, III, 506.

32. Neuman, II, 149.

33. Ibid.. 247.

84. Abrahams, Jewish Life, 67.
35. Solom Asch in Browne, Lewis,
ed., The Wisdom of Israel, 698.
86. Baba Kama, 113a.

37. Pirke Aboth, iii, 2.

38. Baron, II, 17.

39. Ibid., 26.

40. Ibid.

41. Bracton, De Leglbus, vi. 51, in

Baron, II, 24

42. Pollock, P., and Maitland, F.W.,
History of English Law bejore

Edward I, 1, 466.

43. Cambridge Medieval Bistort,

II, 602.

44. Ricard, T.A., Man and Metals,
II, 602.

45. Abrahams, Jewish Life, 241.

46. Rapaport, S., Tales and Maxims
from the Talmad, 147.

47. Qraetz, HI, 229.

48. Arnold, Sir, T., and Oulllaume,
A. , The Legacy of Islam, 102.

49. Pirenne, H., Medieval Cities,2b8.

50. Baron, II, 8f.

61. Jewish Encyclopedia, IV, 379.
! . Deut. xxiii, 20.
53.' Baba Metzis, v, 1-2, 11.
64. Abrahams, Jewish Ltje, 110

- tnr-

56. Baron. II. 120.

56. Pirenne, H., Economic and Social

History of Medieval Europe, 1J4.
67. Cambridge Medieval History,

VII 614.

58. Ibid,, 646.

59. Neurnen, A., I, 202 ; Lacrolx,

P. t Manners Customs and Dress
during, the Middle Ages, 451.

60. Coulton, 0. 0., Medieval Pano-
rama, 352.

61. Abbott, Israel, I 13.

62. Lacrolx, Manners, 451.

63. Ashley, W. J. Introduction to
Engllsk Economic Btstory and
Theory 202.

.64. Abbott, 177.

65. Pollock and Malt! and, 451.

66. Combrtdge Medieval Btstory,
VI, 226.

67. Abbott, 122,
-68. Hnslk, 508.

69. Abbott, 125; Oraeiz, III, 583.

70. Abbott, 153; Lacrolx, Manners,
446.

71. In Foakes-Jacton, F., and Lake,

K., Beginnings of Christianity,

I, 76.

72. Baba Bathra, 90.

73. Baba Metzia, iv- 3.

74. Baron, I, 277-8 ; II, 108.
76. Baron, II, 99.

76. Moore, II, 174-5.

77. Abrahams, Jewish Life, 111, 619,
326, 335 ; Baron, II, 99,

78. Coulton, Panorama, 357.

79. Abrahams, 277.

80. Ibid., 58)^

•81. Burton, Sir R. F., The Jew, the
Qypsy, and El Islam, 128; Baron

II, 169

82. Abrahams, 331,
88. Baba Kama, 118b.

84. Abrahams, 106.

85. Ibid , 104.

86. Ibid., 90.

87. Baron, II, 112.

88. Abrahams, 166.

89. Kidduslgin,41a; Neuman,II, 21.

90. Ibid.

91. Moore, II, 22.
9}. Abrahams, 117.

94. Burton, The Jew, 43.

95. White, F. M„ Woman in World
History, 176.

96. Abrahams, 165.

97. Brittain, A., Womtn of Early
Christianity, 10.

98. White, 189.

b9. Neuman, II, 229.

100. White, 185.

101. Marcus, J., The Jew in the
Medieval World, 313.

102. Abrahams, S3.

103. Neuman, II, 153.

104. Baroff, I, 888; II, 97.

105. Abrahams, IS6.

106. Brittain, 12.
107 Moore, I, 316.

108. Maimondee, Mlshneh Torah,
- Book I, tr. Motes, Hayamson,

63a.

109. In Waxmau, M., History of
Jewish Literature, I, 214,

110. Jewish Encyclopedia, IX, 122.

111. Oxford Bistor of Music*
introd, volume, 60.

112. Jewish Encyclopedia, III, 459.
119a. In Zeitlin, S., Maimonides, 44'

113. Baron, 11, 83.
lU.Lacroix, Manners, 439.

115. Baron, II, 36.

116. Abrahams, 411 j Moore, II, 74.

-nt-

117.
118.

119.
120.

121.
122.

123.

121,

125.

1-26.
127.
128.
129.

130.
131.
18?.
13).
134.

135.

188.
137.
138.
139.
140.

HI.

142.
143.
144.

116.
146.
147.
148.

149.

ISO,
15|.

Dent, vii, 3;Nehemlah xili, 25.

Klausner, J., From Jesus to

Paut, 515.

Baron, II, 56.

Oittln. 61.

Abrahams, 418-4.

Ibid., 418.

Ibid., 434; Baron, II, 40.

Baron, II, 36.

Abbott, 93.

Coulton, Panorama, 352.

Ibid.

Oraetz, IV, 33.

Oregory I, Epistle if, 6, in

Dudden, P. H., Oregory the

Great, II, 165.

Ep, xlii, 15, in Dudden, II. 155
Belloc, H., Paris, 170.

Qraetz, III, 421.
Coulton, Panorama, 352.
Thatcher, O. J., and McNeal,
E.H., Source Book of Medieval
History, 213.

Lea, H.C., Blstory of the Inputs-
Hon In the Middle Ages, II, 63.
Qraetz, III, 563.
Ibid., 583.
Marcus, 151.
Baron, II, 85.

Abbott,5i; Jewish Encyclopedia
III, 453.

Camb. /Wwf.ff., VII, 624; Jewish
Encyclopedia. IX, 368.
Qraetz, III. 299.
Ibid., 300.

Ibid., 30 lfj Cambridge Medieval
History, V.. 275f; VII, 641.
Or* atz III, 350J Abbot, 88.
Jewish Encyclopedia. IV, 379,
Oraetz, HI, 35 S.
Cambridge Medieval Birtory,
VII, 642.

Qraetz, IV, 35; Jewish Encyclo-
pedia, IX, 358.
Abbott, 144.
Coulton, Panorama, 859.

159. Cuninggham, W., Growth of
English Industry and Commerte-
204.

158. Jewish Encyclopedia, IV, 379.

154. Lacroix, Manners, 447.

155. Oraetz, HI, 643; Abbott, 130.

156. Abbott, 131.

157. Ibid., 68.

158. Lacroix, Manners, 447.

159. Abbot. 68.

160. Montesquieu, C. Baron de, T he-
Spirit of Laws, I, xii, 5.

161. Joseph ben Joshua ben Meir.
Chronicles, I, 197.

162. Marcus, 24.

163. Oraetz, HI, 570.

164. Villehardonin, Q. At,Chrontcles-
of the Crusades, 148.

165. Abbott. 118.

166. Cambridge Medieval Blstory y
VII, 64t.

CHAPTER XVII

1. Abuhims, Jewish Life 910.

2. Ssrton, O., Introduction to the-
Htatory of Socience, II (i), 295.

3. Abrham*, I., Chap ers on Jewish

Lttervture, 116.

4. Waxman, I, 236.
6. Qraetz, III, 269.

6. Qabirol. SAbn,Seltcted Religious'
Poems, tr, Israel Zan^will, 62.

7. Ibd., 30.

8. Abrahams, Literature, 109.

9. Abrahams, Jewish Life, 163.

10. In Wilson, E , ed. Hebrew

Literature, 383.
ll.Sarton, Il/i), 188.

12. Ha|evi, J., Selected Poems, tr.
Nina Salaman, 56.

13. Abbott, 79.

14. Druck, 97.
16, Ibid,, 94.

16. Wilson, Hebrew Literaturefltit-6.

17. Novella 146 in Burton, The Jew,
- 105.

-l-\o

18. Qraetz, IK, 673.

19. Sarton, II (\i\ 557.

20. Schechter, Si, Studies injudaism,
I, 107.

21. Qraetz, III, 604.

22. Sarton, II, (i), 146.

23. M Y. Times, June 2, 1937.

24. Sarton, II, (i), 146.

25. Cf. Komroff M. The Content-
psraries of Marco Polo.

26. Huslk, 24.

37. Munk, S,, Melanges de phttoso-
phie jutve et arabe 168.

28. Marcus, 812.

29. Cf. Oablrol, S. ibn, Improvement
of the Moral Qualities, tr.
Stephen Wise, 4, 27.

30. Qabirol, Fons Vitae, i, 3, in
Munk, 6.

81. Halevi, J., Kltab 'al-Khazarl, lr.
H. Hirschfeld, i, 1 16.

82. Ibid., HI, 5, 7.

83. Musik, 215.

84. Vellin, D., and Abrahams, I.,
Maimonides, ll;Zeitlin, Maimo-
nides, I,

36. Ueberweg, P., History of Philo-
sophy, I, 427.

86. Zeitlto, Miitnonidea, 5.

87. "Letter of Consolation" In-
Yellin, 46.

88. Zeltlin, 178.

89. Arnold, Sir T., Preaching of
Islam, 421.

40. baron, S , ed.,£ ssays on Maimo-
nides, 290.

41. Maimonides, Aphorisms, in
Thorndike, L, History, of Magic

, and Experimental Science, J, 176.
*?. Zellin, 172.
43. In Baron, Essays, 288.

44. Zeltlin, 174.

45. Baron, Essays, 284.

46. Maimonides, Mishneh Trab >
Introd,, 4b.

47. Zeltlin, 214.

48. Mishneb Torab, Introd., 16. 3a.

49. In Baron, Essays, 117.

50. Maimonides, Guide to the Per*
pexed tr. M., Friedlander, II,xli.

61. ibid,, HI, 36, Baron, Essays,
139.

53. Guide, III, xxii,'xli; Deut. xxiii,
17; Exod, xxii, lj xxxi, 15.

63. Mtshaeh Torab, 40b.

54. Ibid., 59a.

55. Ibid , 64a,

56. Ibid., 53a.

57. Ibid., 5Bab.

58. Ibid., 52b.,

59. In Baron, Essays, 110.

60. Zetlin, 132.

61. Guide, I, Introd.

62. Ibid,, II, xix; III, xiv.

63. II, Pt. II, Introd, and Prop xx.
46. Ibid., xxxvi-xlxi.

66. HI, xxii.

66. II, xviif.

67. II, xxx.

98- HI, x, xii.

69. Ill, Ixx.

7 . Zeltlin, 151.

71. Ibid., 103; Baron, Essays, 1 4».

72. Guide, II, Pt. II, Introd.

73. Baron, Essys, H9-2i ; Zeltlin,
209.

74. Marcus, 307-9.

76. SPInoza, Tractatus Theologico-

Polit'cus, xv, 4.
79. Roth, L, Spinoza Descares,

and Maimonides, C6; Baron,

Essays, 7'

-tvi-

17. Husik, 302 ; Qraetz, IV, 23.

78, Ibid., Ill, 631-

79. Neuman, A., II, 128.

«0. Ibid., 118; Qraetz, IV, 29-41.

81. Jewish Encyclopedia.IU, 457,479.

82. Sarton, II, (i), 866.
88. Oraetz, V, 21.

84. Baron, History, II, 136.
«5. Ibid., 142.

86. Abrahams, Jewish, Life, 143,167,
198.

In Marcns, 314.

CHAPTER XVIII

Thompson, J.W., Economic and

Social History, 173.

Oibbou, IV, 504.

Cambridge Medieval History, "IL
989.

Ibid., IV, 6 ; Cllbbon, V, 142.
In Diehl, Moiteul, 335.
Cambridge • Medieval Hl.tory,
IV, U5f.

Voltaire, Works, XIII, 190.
Diehl, Portraits 169; Bury,
Eastern Roman Empire, 169.
McCabe, J., Empresses of Cons-
tantinople, 174.

Cambridge Medieval History, IV,
108.'; Diehl, Portraits, 264.
Boiisonnade, P,, Life and Work
in Medieval Europe, 66.
Cambridge Medieval Uitory,
IV, 760.

Diehl, Portraits, 236.
Cambridge Medieval History,
IV. 746.

Komroff, Contemporaries of
Xarco Polo, 266.

Cambridge Medival History,

IV, 760.
Ibid.

Clapham and Power, 212,
Diehl, Portraits, 158; Gibbon

V, 458: Brittain, Women of,
Eorly Christianity, 318.

«7.

1.

2.
3.

4,
S.
6.

7.
8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.
14.

15.

16.

17.
1*.
19.

20. Lopez, R.S., in Spsculum, Vol'
XX, No.l, pp. 17-18: Boltson-
nade, 46-7; Cambridge Medieval
History, IV, 761.

21. Bolssonnade, 60,
22 iDid., 61.

98. Caatiglione, 264.

24. Bury, Eastern Roman Empire,
436; Qrunebaum, medieval Islam
64.

25. Psellus Chronographla, vi, 46.
86. Ibid., v, 26-37.

27. Diehl, Manuel, 406.

28. Lultprand m Orinebaum, 29.

29. Cf. Walker Trust Report, The
Great Palace of the Byzantine
Emperors, plates 24-37 and 57.

80. The judgment of Kondakof in

Diehl, Mvnuel, 580.
31. Diehl, 690.
32 Ibid., S81.

83. Flttl*y,Qreece under the Romans,
81.

34. Thompson.J.W., FeudalQermauy,

458.

35. Kluchevsky, V. O. History of
Rassla, 1, 46j:ihompaon,/ : '«idW
Germany, 466.

86. Pokrovsky, M. N., history of
Russia 11; Fustel de Coulanges
questioned this - cf. Dopsch, 36,

37. Cambridge Medieval Elstoiy,
IV, 136.

38. Navor, J., Economic History of
Russia, 1, 15.

39. Kluchevsky, I, 88.

40. Rambaud, A., History of Russia,
1, 84.

CHAPTER XIX

1. Paul the Deacon, History of

2. the Longobards, i, 9.

3. Munro and Sellery, 538.

4. Dante, Elleven Letters, 185.

6. Note by W. D. Foulke in Paul
the Deacon, 309.

-nv_

6. Voltaire, Works, XII', 80.

7. Molmenti, P., Venice, I, I, 212-4.

8. Cambridge i Medieval History,
HI, 170

9. PIrenne, Medieval Cities, 1 10.

10. Ruslcin, 5<««i 0/ 14/ito, I', 06.

11. Lindane, R, Ancient Rome, 67.

12. Ibid., 275.

IS. Castlglone, 301.

14. Dozy, Spanish Islam, 440.

15. Coulton, Q, O., FiveCtntrutes
of Religion, I, 17*,

16. Hume, M, The Spanish, People,
129 ; Spain, 191 J Encyclopedia
Britannlca, V., 699.

17. In Oulzot, Bistory, of France, 1,
171.

18. Ibid., 168.

19. Pirenne, Cities, 243; Voltaire,
XIII, 131.

20. Freeman, E.k.,HistorlcalEssags,
Pint Series, 179.

21. Cambridge Medieval History,
11, 316.

23. Oulzot, France, I, S39f ; Oulzot,
Bisory, of Civilization, II, 193*6.

23. Pollock and Maitland, I, 117 ,
Barnes, H.C» History, oj Western
Civilization, I, 776-

24. Lea, Suptrstiion and Forte, 469,

25. Oulzot Civilization, II, 225f.

26. Capitulary of Charlemagne, year
803, //3, in Oulzot Civilization,
K. 222.

27. In PIrenne, Cities, 166.

28. Ibid., 68; Cambridge A edelval
Bistory, II, 657.

29. Cambridge, Medieval Bistory,
II, 657.

30. Letter of Alcuin in William of
Malmesbury, i, 3, p. 66.

.l\.Etf.*hn&,UfeofCharlemagne t b\,

82. Hodlcir}, T., Charlemagne* 812.

33. West, A F-, Alcuin, 65.

34. Eginhard, p. 14.

35. Ibid., 62.

36. Ibid., 64.

37. Capltulay of 802 in Bebel A.,
Woman under Socialism, 60.

38. Eginhard, 83.

89. Bury, Eastern Empire, 318,

40, Eginhard, 66-8.

41. Raby, F. J. History of Secular
Latin Pottry In the Middle Ages,
1, 190.

43. Eginhaid, 52.

48. Ibid., 48 ; Russell, C. E., Char-
lemagne, 262.

44. Oulzot, France, 1,-241.

45. Morey, C. R .Medieval Art, 207.

46. Ibid., 191.

47. Davis Medieval England, 266.

48. Quizot, Civilization, II, 375. .

49. Erigena, ).§.De divisions naturae,
i, 69.

50. In Onizot, Civilizafin, II, 383.

51. Erigena, // 617,

62. Ibid., // 443

63. // 518.
54. // 896.

65. // 919-26, 937-40.

66. // 861.

67. Poole, R. L., Illustration of the-
History of Medieval Thought fiV

58. Quizot, Civilization, II, 888.
69. William of Malmesbury, ii, 4.

60. Oulzot, France, I, 303

61. Ibid., 311.

62. Ibid., 329.

63. Ibid., 336.

CHAPTER XX

1. Asser, Alfred the Great, 61.

2. Asser, 66, 78, 86.

- *1A~

3. Alfred, Preface to tr. of Oregory
I's Cura patoralis, in Ogg,
Sonne Book of Mediedval
Historp, 191.

4. Voltaire, Works, XIII, 176.

•5. Boissonnade, £//# tuirf flPorA in

Medieval' Europe, SB.
•6. Oreen.r R., Conquest of England

135, 329, 859-60.
7. Srubbs, W.,Constltutionrl Blstory

of England, \, 146, 157.
•8. Hume, D., Bistory of England,

I, 181.
9. Pollock and Maltland, 11, 450.

10. William of Malmesbury in Coul-
ton, O.O., Social Life in Britain
20 : Oreen, J. It., Making of
England, 192.

11. Traill, H. D., Soeal England, I,
204.

12. Hume. D.,kHistory of England I,
188.

18. Brlffault' R., The Mothers, 11,419.

14. William of Malmesbury, i, 4.

15. Ibid , 1, 2.

16. Ibid., II, 6.

17. Bede, v, 24.

18. Ibid., I, 15.

19. Ibid., Introd.. xvi.

20. Oordon, R. K>. Anglo - Saxon
Poetry, 81-2.

31. In Ker, W.P., Epic and Romace,
63.

22. Beowulf, xxxvii and xllil, in
Oordon, Anglo-Saxon ■ Poetry,
60, 70.

23. Bede, iv, 23.

24. Plummer, Life and Times of

Alfred the Great, II.
£5. In Addiion, J., Ant and Crafts
in the Midlte Ages, 4.

96. Aldhelme (c. 709) in Addison,
199.

27. bede, iv, 18.

28. freeman, E.A., Norman Conquest
II, 298.

29. William of Malmesbury, ili,238;
Ordericus Vitalis, Bistoria Ecc
hstastica, 492A ; Freeman, No ;
man Conquest, Ii, 244.

30. Outeot, Franee, 1,346; Frteman,
Norman Conquest, III, 320.

31. Mabinogion, If.

32. Hyde, Lltwy History of Ireland
238.

83. Joyce, Short Blstory of Ireland,
39-46,

84. Thompson, J. W„ Economic
fiistoru, 148.

15. boiasonnade, 78.

36. Joyce, 80.

37. Ibid , 168.

38. Ibid., 155, 168.

39. Hyde, 322.

40. Ibid., 239,

41. Ibid., 279f.

42. Thompson, Sir E. M„ Introd to
Qreek and Latin Palaeography,
374.

43. Joyce, 189-92.

44. Keating in Hyde, 488.

45. Horn, F. W , Literature of the
Scandinavian North, 13, Cam-
bridg Medieval Bistory, II, 481

46. Surluson, S., Betmshrlngla*

47. Ibid., Haakou the Oood, ch.23.

48. Ibid., Olai Tryggvesion, ch. 7.

49. Ibid., ch. 93.

50. Ibid., ch. 87.

61. Ibid., St. Olaf.ch. 56, 131.
52. Ibid., ch. 74.

-fU_

53. Ibid., Appendix to Olaf Trygg-
veion'8 Saga ; Encyclopedia
Britannica. art. Columbus.

64. Beomulf. xxxv.

66. Sturluson, Son of Magnus, ch .
33; Du-Challlu, II, 370-379.

56. Saxo Qrammaticns, Danish His-
tory, /, 28.

57. Haskins, Encyclopedia, HI, 499c.

58. DuDhaillu, II, I.

59. Haskins, Normans in Europeau
History, 36.

60. DuChalllu, I, 486.

61. Saxo, 2f>.

62. Thompson, J. W., The Middle
Ages, I, 827.

63. Sturluson, Magnus tbe Good,
ch. 16.

64. Sigfusson, Saemudt The Elder
Edda, 22 - 56.

65. Ibid., 23.

66. 59.

67. 66.

68. 14.

69. 84.

70. 102.

71. 81.

72. 65.

73. 73.

74. 121.

75. 68.

76. 56-6.

77. 86.

78. 68.

79. Horn, Literature of the Scandi-
navian North, 41.

80. Faerejringa Saga In Ker, Epic
and Romance, S36.

81. Sturluson, Olaf Tryggvesson'a
Jaga, ch. 9.

2. Sturluson, Y.igllnga Saga, ch. 6
and notejHodgkia, Charlemagne
164; Saxo, 44.

88. Milman, 111,216. Milman persua-
sively defends the credibility

84. Cambridge M:dievat Bistort,

270.
86. West, Alcttln, 127.

86. Rab, F.J. E. Bistoy of Chriatlam
Latin Poetry in the Middle Ages
188.

87. Welch, Alice K., Of Six Medieval
Women, 5.

88. Addison, Arts and Crafts, 16. .

CHAPTER XXI

1. Cambridge Medieval History, I,
686.

2. In Rassell, B., HisionW VPfmterH
Phllosodhy, 879.

3. Rule of St. Benedict, ch. 3, it
Ogg. 87.

4. Ch. r.

5. Ch. 63. %

6. Dudden, I, 111.

7. In Mattland, S.R., Dark Ages,

196 - 8.

8. In Dudden, I, 58.

9. Ibid., 289.

10. Bede, ii, 1.

11. Gregory of Tours, 287.

12. Dudden, 1, 215,

18. Thompson, J.W., Middle Ages,
1, 178.

14. Dudden, II, 156; McCabe, ].,
Story of Rellgieus Controvery.
307.

15. Bede, ii, >•

16. Ibid., 198.

17. Gregory I, Ep. xlli, 46, in Dnd-
den, 1, 278 .

18. In Abelard, Oavrages Inidlts,

Qaaestlo, la.

19. Oregory 1, Magna Moralia, ia
Dudden, II, 813.

20. Dialogues, iv, 7, in Dudden, I,

380.

21. Dudden, H, 484f.

22. Ibid., 38.

23. ThompsoB.JW,M«VWM*!*s,I,"8.

- iV» -

24. Voltaire, Works, XIII, 90.

25. Cambridge Medieval History, II,

(90.

26. Punk. 1,987; Cambridge Medieval
Bistory, V, 710.

27. In Milman, HI, 25.

28. Gibbon, IV, 82,

29. Sarton, I. 655.

30. Poole, R.L., Illustration, SO.

31. Taylor, H.O. Medieval Mlnd,\,

136.

32. Dudden, I, 86.
88. Ibid.

84. Montalembert.Comtede./WortAi
of the West, I, 653.

85. Ouizot, Civilization, II, 113-9:
Toynbee, A.J., Study of History
II, 331.

36. Waddell, H„ Wandering Scholar
34.

37. Bede, I,* 17.

88. William of Malmeibury, I, ?.

39. Bede, i. 80.

40. Bede, Letter to Egbert.

41. Oreen, Making of England, 413.

42. Qlbbon, V, 534.

48. Coulton, FtveCenlu lis oi Redi-
gton, I, 222.

44. Ibid., 852.

45. Cambridge Medieval History,
V, 662.

46. Ibid., Ill, 67.

47. Milman, III, til.

48. Cambridge Medieval History,

III, 465.

49. Mlllman, III, 160: McCabe, Crises
In the History of the < papacy,

128f.

50. Ibid., 181, quoting the Liber
Ponti/iealls,

51. Milman, III, 171 : Cambridge
Medieval Bistory, III, 465.

61 Milman, III, 178.
53. Ibid., 186f.

54. Sandvs, Sir John, Companion to
Latin Studies, 847.

55. Vincet of Beauvait, Spec. Hist,
In MJlruaa, III, 921.

56. Thorndlk, Magic and JExperi-
nuntal Soctence I, 704.

67,'Cambriage .Mtdhval History,
III, 109'.

68. Hnlme, E.M. Middle Ages, 339;
Conlton CO., Life In the Middle
Ages., I, 1: Sarton. I, 734.

59. Funk, I, 26?.

60. Stephens. W.R. W. Hildebrand,
14: Milman. III. 230: McCabe,

Crises, 140.

61. Cambridge Medieval History,
10.

63. Ouizot, France, I, 160.

68, Porter, A. K. Medieval Architec-
ture, II. 9.

64. Ibid.

65. farlvle R.W., History of Medie-
val Political Theory In the West
IV, 52.

66. Coulton, Five Cecturles of Reli-
gion, IV, 187.

67. Coulton, From St. Francis to
Dante, a tr. of The Chronicle
of Sallmbene, 286.

68. Cambridge Medieval History V,
9-10.

69. Catholic Encyclopedia, 1, 166

70. Cambridge Medieval History, V,

12. .

71. Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, 210.

72. Lecky Morals, II, 837.

78. Lea, H,story of Auricular Con-
Sessions, I, 46.

74. Lettei to Egbert In Bede, p. 4.

75. Catholic Encyclopedia, 1IT, 486.

76. Cambridge Medieval History,
IV, 968.

77. Ibid,, 979.

-£W-

78. Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, 194,

223; Thompson, Social and
Economic Bistory, 662.

79. Lea, Celibacy, .826.

80. Bryce, Jas„ Roman Empire, 158.

81. Cambridge Medelvai BistoryV,99.

82. Thompsn, Social and Economic
Bistort, 663.

83. Taylor, Medieval Mind, II, 65

84. Letter of OregoryVIl to William
1 Of England, 1080, in Bryce, 160.

86. Catholic Encyclopedia, X, 871c.

86. Figgis, Political Aspects of St.
Augustine's City of Ood, 88.

87. Catholic Encyclopedia, X, 871c.

88. Carlyle,R.W., Medieval, Political
Theory, IV, 64.

89. &ttphttu,-Htldebrand, 116.

90. Thatcher and McNeal, 169.

91. Cumbrtnge Medieval Bistory, V'
74f.

CHAPTER XXII

1. Lot., End of the Ancient World
1S6.

2. Dopsch, 283.

£. Seebohra, F,, English Village

Communty, 126f, 179.
4. Seignobos, C, Feudal Regime,

34, Barnes, Economtt Bistory,

139.
6. Clapham and Power, 237-8.

6. Letters, iv,2.

7. Coulton, O.O,, Medieval Village
161.

8. McCabe, Story of Religius
Controvert, 323.

9. Thompson, Social and Econo-
mic History, 679,

10. Coulton, Medieval Village,- 49?.

11. Coulton, MedtevalPanorama,322

12. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theo-
logica, Hlae, xclv, 3.

13. Decree of Fourth Council of
Orleans, in Dopsch, 860.

14. Lecky, Morals, II, 7o, Sarton,
II (li). 799, but cf. Catholic
Encyclopedia, XIV, 38.

15. Ashley. Introdjo English Econo-
mic Bistory, II, 276.

16. Coulton, Medieval Village, 59.

17. Weittrmark, E., Short Bistory
of Marriage, U: Coulton, Medie-
val Village, 80.

18. Relgnobos, 14: Coulton./Wfttoea/

Village. 164.

19. Bebel. 57.

20. Cambridge Medieval Bistory,
VII, 711.

21. Coulton, Life In the Mtdd eAges,
III, 123-5.

31a. Cambridge Medieval History.
• VII. 22.

28. Seignobos, 21.

S3. Coulton, Medieval Village, 65.
84. Cram R.A., Substance of Qothtc

181.
26. Lynn White. Jr. in Speculum.

Apr. 1940. p. 151.
26. Taine. H. Ancient Regmle. 9,

Carlyte,

87. Barnes, Economic History 145'

88. Cambrlage Medieval History.
VII. 741.

29. Coulton. Medieval Vlllage3U-lB.

30. Ibid., 21. 243

81. Coulton. Panorama. 92.
38. Speculum. Apr. 1940.
88. Ibid., 155.

84. Chrteoubriand. Vicomte de,
Tht Osntus of Christianity .iv.1.4
35. Coulton Medieval Village, 119.

- iVY —

36. Lacrolx. Paul. Military and
Religious Life in the Middle
Age. 166.

37. Hitti. History of the Arabs. 663;
Hrnold Legacy of Islam 131.

38. Lacroix.Pahl.Sc/Mcff and Litera-
ture in the Middle Ages. 299{.

39. Beaumonofr in Selnobos. 65,

40. Coulton. Panorama. 60.

41. Voltaire. Works. XIII.. 181.

42. Thompson. Feudal Germany. 801

43. Carlyle. R.W. Medieval Polotical

Theory. 463.

44. Pollock and Maitland. II. 242.

45. Maine. Sir H. Ancient Low. 18$.

46. Coulton Medieval Village. 628.

47. Jenks. E. Law and Politics in
the Middle Ages. 23.

48. Coulton Medical Village. 187.

49. Lea. Superstition and Force. 286,
297, 314.

50. Coulton, Panorama 379.
61. Lea. Superstition. 178.
52. Ibid., MOf, 179.

63. Feignoboi. 79.

65. Sumner W.Q.Folkwavs. 622.

56. Barnes. Western Civilization. I.
798.

57. Seignobos. 81.

68'. Coulton, Medieval Village. 248.

59. Lacroix. Mitiinry Life, 49.

60. Divis, W.S. Life on a Medieval
Barony. 176.

61. Coulton. From St. Francis to
Dante. SO.

62. Seignobos. 74.

63. Coulton, Chaucer and Bis Eng-
land. 199.

64. Coulton, Panorama. 247.

65. Prestage, F., Cktvalry. 72.

66. Saeculum. Apr. 1930. 189.

67. Thornpike, Magit and Socience.
II. 31.

68. Hoover, H., and Gibbons. H,A.
Conditions of a Lasting Peace29.

69. Prestage. 75.

70. Coulton. Panorama. 289.

71. Traill. I. 379.

72. In Brif'ault. Mothers, III. 383,

73. Bebel. 63.

74. Prestige, 9,

75. Rowbotham, 283.

76. Prestige, 89.

77. Davis. Life on a Medieval Barony
77.

78. Vossler. K., Medieval Culture I.
299; Taylor Medieval Mind, II,
6<2.

79. Miss Amy Kelly in Speculum,

1937, 5.

80. Rombotham, 224, 235.

81. Ibid., 249.

82. Ibid., 245.